Abstract:
Teachers classroom noticing and giving feedback competencies facilitate students attributes to successfully achieve their educational goals. The present 3-phase research aimed to: 1) analyze classroom noticing and giving feedback in both teachers and students perspectives, 2) develop and examine the quality of the tool used to evaluate classroom noticing and teachers feedback including the video-based instrument and the rating scale, and 3) analyze and compare classroom noticing and feedback patterns by using the video-based instrument and the rating scale. The first phase involved analyzing classroom noticing and giving feedbacks in both teachers and students perspectives. The data were collected from 36 primary school teachers, by means of interviews, and analyzed by a content analysis. The second phase involved developing and examining research instruments used in classroom noticing and giving feedback employing video-based instrument consisting of questions for 3 animated videos, examining authenticity, face validity, and inter-rater reliability using Kappa statistics. The 5-point rating scale was examined in terms of face validity, content validity using IOC, construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and internal consistency reliability by the alpha coefficient. The third phase was analyzing and comparing classroom noticing and teachers feedback using the video-based instrument and the rating scale. The data collected from 47 primary school teachers were then analyzed by classical content and thematic content analyses with MAXQDA. The main results can be summarized as follows: 1. There were 3 domains of teachers noticing. First, the cognitive domain consisting of accurate understanding and misunderstanding. Second, the affective domain consisting of positive and negative emotions. Third, the behavioral domain consisting of facilitating and discouraging behaviors. In terms of giving feedback, teachers feedback methods could be divided into 3 categories, including general, positive, and negative feedbacks. 2. The developed video-based instrument consisted of 3 animated videos. Specially, designed for the teachers notice misbehaviors and give their feedback through open-ended questions. Experts rated the instruments authenticity as acceptable. It had face validity and inter-rater reliability by Kappa statistics ranging between .607 - .866. Also, the 5-point rating scale consisting of 26 items had acceptable levels of face validity. The content validity of this instrument was high with IOCs ranging between .670 - 1. The results of CFA suggested that the construct validity of the instrument was satisfied. In fact, the measurement models of classroom noticing and giving feedback fit very well with empirical data (X2(14, N = 47) = 13.650, p = .476, CFI = 1.00, RMSEA < .001, SRMR = .020; and X2 (1, N = 47) = 0.903, p = .342, CFI = 1.00, RMSEA < .001, SRMR = .012, respectively). Moreover, internal consistency reliability by Alpha coefficients ranging between .655 .907. 3. The results from classical content analysis and thematic content analysis with MAXQDA are congruent. The usage of the video-based instrument indicated that teachers paid the most attention to the teaching techniques and the least attention to students knowledge during classroom noticing. Moreover, the teachers were most likely to identify issues and least likely to define meanings while giving feedback. Meanwhile, the rating scale indicated that the teachers classroom noticing was excellent in all aspects and teachers gave excellent feedback in all areas except for defining meanings. The comparison between the two instruments in terms of pattern results and worthiness indicated that the video-based instrument should be evaluated classroom noticing and giving feedback appropriately rather than the rating scale.