Development of Hybrid Leadership Indicators for Secondary School Administrators Under The Office of The Basic Education Commission: Model Invariance Analysis
Abstract:
This research aimed to: (1) investigate the components and indicators of
hybrid leadership; (2) examine the goodness-of-fit of the developed structural
relationship model of hybrid leadership indicators for secondary school
administrators with empirical data; and (3) explore guidelines for developing hybrid
leadership among secondary school administrators under the Office of the Basic
Education Commission in Thailand.
Data were collected using a five-point rating scale questionnaire. The
reliability coefficient of the entire instrument was 0.944, and the content validity
indices ranged from 0.60 to 1.00. Data were collected via Google Forms from a total
of 725 secondary school administrators and teachers nationwide. The sample was
selected using multi-stage stratified random sampling. The data were analyzed using
computer software for both descriptive statistics and advanced statistical analysis.
The advanced statistical procedures included: (1) Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA),
using factor rotation with Varimax rotation; and (2) Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
to examine the consistency of the hypothesized model with the empirical data.
The research findings were as follows:
1. The development of the components and indicators of hybrid leadership
among secondary school administrators resulted in five components and fourteen
indicators. These consisted of:
1. Hybrid Leader Personality (HP), comprising three indicators:
Credible Personality, Hybrid Intelligence, and Self-Balance;
2. Collaborative Leadership Skills, comprising two indicators:
Participation Building and Interpersonal Communication;
3. Strategic Management Skills, comprising three indicators: Strategic
Visioning, Quality School Management, and Effective Work Management;
4. Dynamic Adaptability Skills, comprising three indicators: Flexibility
and Adaptability, Digital Literacy, and Growth Mindset; and
5. Positive School Culture Building, comprising three indicators:
Friendly School Culture Building, Empowerment, and Acceptance of Diversity and
Equity.
2. The results of testing the structural relationship model of hybrid
leadership indicators for secondary school administrators revealed that the model
was consistent with the empirical data. The model fit indices were as follows: Chi-
square = 71.603, df = 56, p-value = 0.0781, RMSEA = 0.025, CFI = 0.998, TLI = 0.997,
and SRMR = 0.010. These results indicated that the hypothesized model
demonstrated a good fit with the empirical data.
3. The measurement invariance analysis indicated that the measurement
model achieved invariance across all four levels: (1) Configural Invariance, (2) Metric
Invariance, (3) Scalar Invariance, and (4) Error Variance Invariance. The results from
testing the four hypothesized models showed that all models were supported at
the 95 percent confidence level. This indicated that the measurement model of
hybrid leadership indicators for school administrators was invariant across different
school-size groups, namely small and medium-sized secondary schools, and large
and extra-large secondary schools.
4. The evaluation results regarding the propriety and feasibility of the
Approach for developing hybrid leadership among secondary school administrators
indicated that all five components were rated at the highest level. These included
Collaborative Leadership Skills, Strategic Management Skills, Dynamic Adaptability Skills, Positive School Culture Building, and Hybrid Leader Personality. Overall, the
evaluation results demonstrated that the proposed development guidelines were
consistent with the context of secondary school administration and had a high level
of feasibility for practical implementation.