The role of internal and external forces in Myanmar political reform

Name: Than, Win Hlaing

keyword: Myanmar political reform

LCSH: Burma -- Politics and government

; Internal and external forces

; ASEAN

Abstract: This thesis studies the recent dramatic democratic transition in Myanmar in the period after the 2010 reforms, in particular the external and domestic forces. Among external factors it focuses on the role of ASEAN. Domestically it looks most closely at the role of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs). It will touch on important factors outside of its two main foci of ASEAN and CSOs, externally, for example, the role of China and Western pressures for more democratic government. Internally there are the ongoing and unnecessary conflicts between the central government and ethnic groups, and the role of Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy. In its dealings with Myanmar, ASEAN followed its common principle of “non-interference” applying it flexibly, and finally convincing the military government to accept ASEAN’s invitation to membership, in spite of the disapproval of major international powers. In the end ASEAN alone cannot fully provide a climate for national reconciliation, peacemaking, and political transformation to take place. However, by applying its rules judiciously, ASEAN has overall dealt with Myanmar effectively, and helped provide some of that climate. Still, the current ceasefire agreement is under negotiation, due to a lack of mutual trust between the stakeholders. It can be seen that the military still wants to hold on to its power as long as possible. Under the Thein Sein administration the country opened its economy, and annual GDP growth began its positive climb. Free social media are emerging as one key of this transition period. Despite its bloody suppression, the 2007 “Saffron Revolution” was another milestone leading to democratic reform. After the disaster of cyclone Nargis in 2008, ASEAN continued to apply its collaborative style of diplomacy with some success, leading to more trust and a more constructive relationship with Myanmar leaders. In fact, the role of ASEAN has been guiding the transformation from military regime to democratic reforms, and it is helping to solve the country’s longstanding political strife with minorities. The current government leader, Aung San Suu Kyi has extensively discussed peacemaking and national reconciliation in the country, but peoples’ unreasonable expectations are an additional obstacle. In conclusion, this research gives rich descriptive details on some important issues such as people’s hopes and attitudes, the role of the CSOs, and the role of ASEAN and other external influences. The country is in a delicate process of transition, due to political instability and lack of trust between ethnic groups and the government. It needs time and support to find the best paths to successful reform to become a stable, developing nation. Keywords: Myanmar Political Reforms, Internal and External Forces, ASEAN

Thammasat University. Thammasat University Library

Address: BANGKOK

Email: preserv@tu.ac.th

Name: Placzek, James A.

Role: advisor

Created: 2016

Modified: 2021-06-04

Issued: 2021-06-04

วิทยานิพนธ์/Thesis

application/pdf

DOI: 10.14457/TU.the.2016.478

eng

DegreeName: Master of Arts

Level: Master's Degree

Descipline: ASEAN Studies

Grantor: Thammasat University

©copyrights Thammasat University

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