ปานใจ สื่อประเสริฐสิทธิ์. Effects of Seasons and Surface Resistances on SO2 Deposition Velocity. Doctoral Degree(Environmental Technology). King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi. : King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 2005.
Effects of Seasons and Surface Resistances on SO2 Deposition Velocity
Abstract:
SO2 emissions have become a significant problem in the Asia region. Long term
exposure to high SO2 concentration can have harmful effects on human health and the
environment. Approximately half of this SO2 is delivered to the earth by the dry
deposition process; the other half is deposited by wet deposition. Therefore, an
assessment of SO2 dry deposition is necessary for understanding its qualitative and
quantitative effects. In the research program described here, SO2 dry deposition was
evaluated in terms of SO2 dry deposition flux (F) and deposition velocity (vd) using the
Bowen ratio (BR) method. All necessary parameters for BR method were measured
above a cassava plantation at a site in Rayong, Thailand during the period from June
2004 to May 2005. Additionally, this research aimed to study the seasonal effects on the
SO2 dry deposition over an agricultural region. Many tropical countries, including
Thailand, have three seasons. In Thailand, the rainy season covers a period from June to
September, the winter from October to January, and the summer from February to May.
The results showed that the BR method was mostly applicable during the 8:00 to 17:00
time period of each day. The results yield an average transfer coefficient (D) of 10.6
cm/s in the rainy season, 21.93 cm/s in the winter, 12.47 cm/s in the summer, and 14.77
cm/s for the entire year. The evaluated SO2 flux (F) was 0.17 mg/m2/hr in the rainy
season, 1.24 mg/m2/hr in the winter, 0.63 mg/m2/hr in the summer, and 0.68 mg/m2/hr
for the whole year. The deposition velocity (vd) was 0.14 cm/s in the rainy season, 0.34
cm/s in the winter, 0.17 cm/s in the summer, and the yearly average was 0.22 cm/s. The
results showed that seasonal variation affects vd due to the influence of the directly
measured meteorological parameters, such as the net radiation (Rn), the soil heat flux
(G), the ambient temperature (T), and the vapor pressure (e), and other parameters, such
as the wind speed (WS), the wind direction (WD), cloud cover, etc. Furthermore, this
research studied the effects of surface resistances by evaluating vd during the entire
cassava growing cycle. The growing cycle consists of the seedling period (June 2004
and February - March, 2005), half full growth period (July August, 2004 and April
May, 2005), full growth period (September - December, 2004), and bare soil period
(January 2005). The results showed that vd directly correlated with the growth of the
plant. A high vd was found for the full growth cassava terrain and a low vd was
determined over the bare land.
The BR method was also applied in evaluating the evapotranspiration (ET) rate.
Evapotranspiration is the combined processes of evaporation (from soil and plant
surfaces) and transpiration (from plant tissues). Its rate is a very significant factor for
supporting irrigation management decisions and is important in investigating the
biological factors of SO2 dry deposition. The results showed that the evaluated ET rate
was directly proportional to Rn, which indicates the intensity of solar radiation. This
solar radiation affects the rate of photosynthesis of plants and plants ability to absorb
gases from the atmosphere. The BR results were further compared with the Modified
PenmanMonteith (MPM) method and it was discovered that the evaluated rates from
BR were slightly lower than the rates obtained by MPM. In terms of economic efficacy,
the BR method is more suitable than the MPM method.
This research has also looked at the sensitivity of SO2 dry deposition to important
meteorological parameters employed in the BR method, such as Rn, G, temperature
difference (T1 T2) and vapor pressure difference (e1 e2) were also analyzed. These
analyses were conducted in order to gain a deeper understanding on the influence of
these parameters on SO2 dry deposition. The results showed that SO2 dry deposition
was most sensitive to Rn and least sensitive to G. In addition, SO2 dry deposition was
only slight affected by changes in T1 T2 and e1 e2.