Saranya Kittanakom. Molecular defect of anion exchanger 1 in autosomal recessive distal renal tubular acidosis and interaction between human Kanadaptin and anion exchanger 1 . Doctoral Degree(Immunology). Mahidol University. : Mahidol University, 2005.
Molecular defect of anion exchanger 1 in autosomal recessive distal renal tubular acidosis and interaction between human Kanadaptin and anion exchanger 1
Abstract:
Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) is a kidney disease characterized by a defect in acid secretion of distal nephron resulting in metabolic acidosis, which is usually associated with hypokalemia, metabolic bone disease, nephrolithiasis or nephrocalcinosis. This disease can result from either acquired or genetic conditions. dRTA caused by genetic defect is inherited in either autosomal dominant (AD) or autosomal recessive (AR) fashion. Interestingly, mutations of anion exchanger 1 (AE1) gene, encoding erythroid (eAE1) and kidney (kAE1) anion exchanger 1 proteins, have been found to result in both AD and AR dRTA but their underlying molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. The mutant
proteins of AE1 dominant mutations (e.g. R589H) maintain normal or slightly decreased anion exchange function but exhibit intracellular trafficking defect. Their dominant characteristics are demonstrated by dominant negative effect when they heterodimerize and cause impaired trafficking of the kAE1 wild-type protein. Although some recessive kAE1 mutant protein (e.g. G701D) similarly retains normal anion exchange function and exhibits a protein trafficking defect, its molecular mechanism resulting in AR dRTA is still unknown. Thus, the purpose of this study was to characterize the molecular mechanism of AR dRTA caused by AE1 mutations. A novel AE1 (S773P) mutation reported in a Thai family with AR dRTA in a compound heterozygous (S773P/G701D) condition was studied by examination of its
biosynthesis, protein binding, intracellular trafficking, and localization in transiently transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. The results showed that kAE1 S773 Pmutant protein exhibits lower expression and more rapid turnover compared to the kAE1 wildtypeprotein. kAE1 S773P is not properly folded and is processed for degradation by the proteasome. Both kAE1 S773P and G701D exhibited defective trafficking to the cell surface of both HEK 293 and non-polarized LLC-PK1 cells. However, kAE1 S773P could form dimers like the wild-type kAE1 and could heterodimerize with either kAE1 wild-type or kAE1 G701D. Heterodimers of wild-type kAE1 with recessive kAE1 S773P or G701D, in contrast
to the dominant kAE1 R589H mutant, were delivered to the plasma membrane. This would be a molecular mechanism responsible for AR dRTA assocated with AE1 mutations which is firstly described in this study. The interaction between human kAE1 and kanadaptin, a chaperone firstly reported in mice as interacting with the amino-terminus of kAE1, was also studied in transfected HEK 293 cells to investigate whether it is involved in the trafficking of kAE1. It was found that human kanadaptin was localized predominantly to the nucleus, whereas kAE1 was present intracellularly and at the plasma membrane. No interaction between human kanadaptin and kAE1 or eAE1 could be detected in co-transfected cells either by co-immunoprecipitation or by 6x histidine-tagged co-purification. Thus, defects in kanadaptin and its interaction with kAE1 are unlikely to be involved in the pathogenesis of dRTA.