Abstract:
The elephant is not only the national symbol of Thailand but also a keystone and umbrella species. The success of its conservation will benefit other species sympatric with the elephant, and also enhance the conservation of biodiversity across a large area in Thailand. Because there has been no research associated
with conservation biology of elephant in the past, this research investigated the present status of Thailands elephant, both domesticated and wild populations in the following topics: number and distribution, conservation problems, and situation of man and wild elephant conflict, current conservation measures and
evaluation. Then diversified management options based on wildlife conservation, animal welfare and socioeconomy of the country are proposed. Data for analysis was derived from documentary research and field surveys. Available data from relevant organizations both published and unpublished were collected. Seven
elephant camps were visited and the camp owners, veterinarians and the mahouts were interviewed. Man and wild elephant conflict in seven protected areas are studied, with intensively at Kui Buri. A workshop with protected areas superintendents and meetings with local people were sources of data. A systematic census to
estimate the density, total wild elephant population and geographical distribution pattern was conducted in the prime habitat of river valley in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, using line transects-indirect method (dung count) and a spatial statistical technique. Results showed about 6,000 elephants exist in Thailand. About 3,000 are domesticated elephants and 95% of them belong to private owners. At present, they are slightly increasing due to improvement of birth rate (4−6% annually) from veterinary care and mobile vet clinics carried out by GOs and NGOs, and buying younger elephants from the border. However, the population trend is not sustainable because the population structure is predominantly composed of predominant middle age and old beast. And the reproductive females have not produced enough calves to replace them and survival rate of calves is low. Elephant utilization and mahout livelihood have been controlled through capitalism system. Tourism and elephant camps are not a complete solution for unemployed elephants. Fund raising for elephant saving during the past decade has emphasized animal welfare and humane rather than conservation. About 3,000 wild elephants exist in at least 65 protected areas in all regions, except the central plain. The total area inhabited by wild elephants is about 55,000 km2. However, this is not one regional geographical unit and wild elephants often live in small fragmented and isolated areas, which support fewer than 100 animals. There are six forest complexes that can be managed as elephant reserves and contain significant elephant numbers for long-term conservation. Huai Kha Khaeng and Thung Yai Wildlife Sanctuaries contain the largest wild population of the country and still constitute prime elephant habitat in riverine valleys. Due to the large scale of country development in the past, safety of elephant habitats and increase of wild elephant populations in the present have increased human-elephant conflict (crop raiding) in many areas. However, HM the King and the Queen-initiated projects with other sectors involving have contributed to resolving the problems and measures in keeping protected areas without enclave of settlements and cultivated lands, limit of peoples accessibility are the strength of the solution. Lack of evaluation, monitoring and coordination of stakeholders at a local level in the problem solving is the weakness. Coordination among concerned people by using adaptive management process or learning by doing with research support and additional solutions
are required for future management effort. Both wild and domesticated elephants should be managed together to maintain the high genetic variation needed for their long-term conservation