Abstract:
The objectives of this research were; to study the agricultural determinants of farmers in five dimensions; resource using, socio-economic, physical, biological, and farm managing of agricultural system that have influenced on agricultural accomplishment of farmers; to study the agricultural accomplishment of farmers in Bat Dambang province in two dimensions agricultural output and the quality of life of the farmers, to study the relationship between the determinants with aricultural accomplishment of the farmers in the two dimensions and to examine contribution of each determinants of agricultural system on agricultural accomplishment of farmers, to examine whether the determinants have influenced on agricultural accomplishment of the farmers at any level, and to develop the equation to estimate agricultural accomplishment of the farmers. The sample size of 432 was determined and selected from population of 118,684 farm households by using multi-stage random sampling. The samples had been interviewed with 0.91 reliability interviewing form. The gathered data were analyzed by; frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation; Pearson Product Moment Correlation, t-test, and F-ratio used to test the correlation coefficients. The whole process was called multiple regression analysis; and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The SPSS/FW program was used for the analytical processes.
The study results found that:
1. Background information of the farm households was found that male household heads were at the percent of 93.5 they are generally (30%) at the age of 40 to 49 years old. About 55% of them were educated at the elementary level. Most of farm households (63%) in the province have 1-2 active labor forces. About 69% of them are free from loan. They mostly possessede (45%) land size of 2 to 4 hectares. About 87.5 percent are growing rice as their main production. Most of their livestock productions are chickens, cow, and pigs of 78.7, 71.1, and 40.7 respectively while, horticulture, fruits, vegetables, and other crops are of 11.1, 8.1, and 7.9 percent, respectively.
2. The five agricultural dimensions; resource using, socio-economic, physical, biological, and farm managing in average have been evaluated at the low level.
2.1 Resource using dimension was found at the low level. The resource using consists of three parts, labor resources, land resources, and water resources that have come out at the low, medium, and low level, respectively.
2.2 Socio economic dimension was found at the low level. The dimensions components are marketing facilities and support system services which come out at the average, and low level, respectively.
2.3 Physical dimension was found at the low level. The components of the dimensions are infrstructure, capital, and machinery usage which come out at the average, low, and low level, respectively.
2.4 Biological dimension was found at the low level. The parts components are fertilizer usage, pest, and species which come out at the low, average, and low level, respectively.
2.5 Farm managing dimension was found that farm-managing dimension is also at low level in overall. The dimensions components are crop grown, cultivation practice, and livestock managing which come out at the lowest, average, and low level, respectively.
3. The findings showed that the farmers have the opinion on the agricultural accomplishment of the farmer at the average level. The two parts of it are agricultural outputs, and the quality of life which come out a the average, and average level, respectively.
4. Correlation testing of the five agricultural dimensions and agricultural accomplishment of the farmers found that:
4.1 The test revealed that all of the five agricultural dimensions; resource using, socio-economic, physical, biological, biological, and farm managing are associated with agricultural accomplishment of the farmers in overall at 0.05 significant level with the correlations range from 0.588 to 0.721. Thirteen out of the fourteen predictors labor resources, land resources, water resources, marketing facilities, support system services, infrastructure, capital, materials and maintenance facilities fertilizers pest, species, cultivation practices, and livestock management are associated with agricultural accomplishment of the farmers at 0.05 significant level with the correlation range from 0.312 to 0.769. The only one factor that does not have relationship with agricultural accomplishment is crop grown with correlation coefficient of 0.048.
4.2 All of the five agricultural dimensions; resource using, socio-economic, physical, biological, and farm managing are associated with agricultural output at 0.05 significant level with correlation range from 0.469 to 0.561. Thirteen out of the fourteen predictors labor resources, land resources, water resources, marketing facilities, support system services, infrastructure, capital, materials and maintenance facilities, fertilizers, pest, species, cultivation practices, and livestock management are statistically related with agricultural outputs of the farmers with the correlations range from 0.315 tp 0.614/ Crop grown is the only one factor that is not significantly associated with agricultural outputs at 0.05 significant level which correlation coefficient is 0.083.
4.3 All of the five agricultural dimensions; sesource using, socio-economic, physical, biological, and farm managing are associated with the quality of life of the farmers with 0.05 significant level with correlations range from 0.521 to 0.746. Thirteen out of the fourteen predictors labor resources, land resources, water resources, marketing facilities, support system services, infrastructure, capital, materials and maintenance facilities, fertilizers, pest, species, cultivation practices, and livestock management are correlated with the quality of life of farmers at 0.05 significant level with correlation range from 0.205 to 0.830. Crop grown is the factor that has no relationship with the quality of life the farmers which correlatio coefficient is 0.001.
5. The prediction result of agricultural accomplishment of the farmers found that :
5.1 The five dimensions; resource using, socio-economic, physical, biological, and farm managing influence agricultural accomplishment of the farmers at 0.05 significant level with regression strength of 0.82 or it can be described by the five predictors of 67.3 percent. Four good predictors; resource using, biological, physical, and farm managing influence agricultural accomplishment of the farmers at 0.05 significant level with regression strength of 0.819, or 67 percent can be described. While, the fourteen agricultural indices influence agricultural accompishment of the farmers at 0.05 significant level with regression strength of 0.865 or 74.8 percent can be described. Eight good indices; capital, cultivation practices, pest, land resources, labor resources, livestock management, machinery and maintenance facilities, and marketing facilities influence agricultural accomplishment of the farmers at 0.05 significant level with regression strength of 0.863 or 74.4 percent can be described.
5.2 The five dimensions; resource using, socio-economic, physical, biological, and farm managing influence agricultural outputs of the farmers at 0.05 significant level with regression strength of 0.669, or 44.8 percent can be described. Three good predictors; biological, farm managing, and resource using found influencing agricultural outputs of farmers at 0.05 significant level with regression strength of 0.665, or 44.3 persent can be described. While, the fourteen predictors influence agricultural outputs of the farmers at 0.05 significant level with regression strength of 0.71 or 50.4 percent can be described. Six good predictors; cultural practice, pest, land resource, livestock management, water resources and marketing facilities influence agricultural ouptputs at 0.05 significant level with regression strength of 0.700 or 49 percent can be described.
5.3 The five dimensions; resource using, socio-economic, physical, biological, and farm managing influence the quality of life at 0.05 significant level with regression strength of 0.828, or 68.6 percent can be described. Three good predictors; physical, resource using, and biological influence the quality of life at 0.05 significant level with regressionstrength of 0.828, or 68.5 percent can be described. While, the fourteen indices influence the quality of life at 0.05 significant level with regression strength of 0.886 or 78.6 percent can be described. Seven good predictors; capital, labor resources, cultivation practice, machinery and maintenance facilities, marketing facilities, land resources, and crop grown influence the quality of life at 0.05 significant level with regression strength is of 0.883 or 78 percent can be described.
6. The estimation equations of agricultural dimensions influencing agricultural accomplishments of farmers can be developed as the followings:
6.1 The good estimation equations of agricultural accomplishment of the farmers can be constructed as the followings:
6.1.1 Estimation by the five main agricultural dimensions
1) Unstandardize Good Estimation Equation
Y2 = 0.463A + 0.371D + 0.157C + 0.204E + 0.326
2) Standardized Good Estimaiton Equation
Z2 = 0.336ZA + 0.072ZB + 0.155ZC + 0.294ZD + 0.145ZE
6.1.2 Estimation by the fourteen agricultural dimension indices
1) Unstandardized Good Estimation Equation
Y8 = 0.235X 7+ 0.274X13 + 0.174X10 + 0.130X2 +
0.193X1 0.068X14 + 0.188X4 0.044
2) Standardized Good Estimation Equation
Z8 = 0.287Z7 + 0.302Z13 + 0.155Z10 + 0.120Z2 + 0.228Z1 +
0.099Z14 0.114Z8 + 0.076Z4
6.2 The good estimation equation of agricultural dimensions influencing agricultural outputs of the farmers can be constructed as followings:
6.2.1 Estimation by the five main agricultural dimensions
1) Unstandardized Good Estimation Equation
Y4 = 0.452D + 0.370E + 0.373A + 0.228
2) Standardized Good Estimation Equation
Z4 = 0.327ZD + 0.242ZE + 0.232ZA
6.2.2 Estimation by the fourteen agricultural dimension indices
1) Unstandardized Good Estimation Equation
Y10 = 0.423X13 + 0.281X10 + 0.207X2 + 0.137X14 +
0.122X3 + 0.229X4 0.683
2) Standardized Good Estimation Equation
Z10 = 0.399Z13 + 0.215X10 + 0.164Z2 + 0.148Z14 +
0.087Z3 + 0.079Z4
6.3 The good estimation equation of agricultural dimensions influencing the quality of life can be constructed as followings:
6.3.1 Estimation by the five main agricultural dimensions
1) Unstandardized Good Estimation Equation
Y6 = 0.316C + 0.572A + 0.295D +0.442
2) Standardized Good Estimation Equation
Z6 = 0.340ZC + 0.384ZA + 0.231ZD
6.3.2 Estimation by the fourteen agricultural dimension indices
1) Unstandardized Good Estimaiton Equation
Y12 = 0.349X7 + 0.346X1 + 0.149X13 0.057X8 +
0.211X4 + 0.115X2 0.074X12 + 0.0521
2) Standardized Good Estimation Equation
Z12 = 0.395Z7 + 0.376Z1 + 0.153Z13 +0.088Z8 +
0.078Z4 + 0.098Z2 0.079Z12
7. The study had provided recommendations on result implementation, and suggestion for future study.
7.1 Result Implementation
7.1.1 To develop Bat Dambang province, related agency should consider as the followings:
1) To improve agricultural accomplishment, policy makers should orderly consider about 4 dimensions; resource using, biological, physical, and farm managing dimension. For detail, they should consider 7 factors; capital, cultivation practices, pest, land resources, labor resources, livestock management, machinery and maintenance facilities, and marketing facilities.
2) To improve agricultural output, policy makers should orderly consider about 3 dimensions; biological dimension, managing, and resource using dimension. For detail, they should consider 6 factors; cultural practice, and followed by pest, land resource, livestock management, water resources, and marketing facilities.
3) To improve the quality of life of the farmers policy makers should orderly consider about 3 dimensions; physical, resource using, biological dimension. For detail, they should consider 7 factors; capital, labor resources, cultivation practixe, machinery and maintenance facilities, marketing facilities, land resources, and crop grown.
7.1.2 Agricultural development agency should consider about resource using dimention such as water resource, labor resource, and land resources; socio-economic dimension such as support system service, and marketing facilities; physical dimension such as maintenance and machinery facilities, capital, and infrastructure; biological dimension such as crop grown, livestock managements, and cultivation practices for their plan.
7.1.3 Royal Government of Cambodia ( RGC) should consider about training on technical work such as cultivation practice, farm management, fertilizer using, livestock management how to apply the knowledge, and experiences; keeping to improve infrastructure such as irrigations, roads, information center establishment and agricultural documents for individual production; and support system service such as credit service,interest rule, rule for importing agricultural products, emergency help service; and conducting field interview in the study area as well.
7.1.4 Private compay should establish the teams for training; attach manual of modern agricultural equipment in Khmer language; build good communication not only with government but also the farmers as well.
7.2 The future study on similar research for the country as the whole and for individual agricultural production; qualitative method for the same topics; model of factors influencing agricultural accomplishment of the farmers; appropriate model of agricultural production; model of agricultural production management; status, constraints, and opportunity of the agricultural developmnet; need and assessment of the farmers; and farmers potential development should be conducted.